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Level of production and manufacturing processes?
The current level of production of nanomaterials is significantly different at industrial level or in the laboratory. For a complete inventory of anthropic particles, consult the database www.nanowerk.com. Three types of manufacturing processes of nano-objects (physical, chemical and mechanical) are used. These objects are then processed and subsequently incorporated into a volume or on a surface. Each integration is characterized by the particle bonding force with the structure.
The "physical" and "chemical" processes are based on state changes of the matter in specific thermal dynamics. Mechanical processes implement high mechanical energy in a closed system and in a dry phase.
Worldwide production of nanomaterials (2010) [F. Piccinno et al., Journal of Nanopartical Research 14 (2012)].